From 'killer hornets' to economic assets: the roles of hornets in Dehong, Yunnan, China

BACKGROUND: Hornets, which constitute part of the subfamily Vespinae, are widely distributed social wasps, and some species have been documented as invasive in many parts of the world. However, in their native habitats, they may also play important roles in local diets, medicine, and cultural traditions. In Dehong Prefecture, Yunnan, China, hornets remain a key biological and cultural resource, yet systematic ethnobiological documentation has been lacking. This study aimed to document the diversity of hornet species, their traditional uses, and local practices of hornet rearing, and to assess their ecological and economic significance. METHODS: Using ethnobiological approaches, we conducted systematic investigations in Dehong to document hornet species diversity, ecological traits, and human-hornet interactions. Data were obtained through field observations, semi-structured interviews based on pre-designed question guides, informal interviews conducted during fieldwork, and participatory surveys with local community members. RESULTS: Nine hornet species were recorded in Dehong, belonging to 3 genera: Vespa (eight species across five subgenera: magnifica, tropica, velutina, bicolor, and basalis), Vespula (one species, V. flaviceps), and Provespa (one nocturnal species, P. barthelemyi). These species are primarily distributed in forest habitats. Local communities make extensive use of hornets for many purposes: Hornet pupae are consumed as a protein-rich food; venom and nests are applied in folk medicine, and hornets hold ritual and symbolic roles. In addition, hornet rearing practices, including luring, nest tracking, nocturnal transfer, and semi-domesticated management, were systematically documented. Rearing hornets provides ecological services such as pest control and pollination while generating substantial household income through the sale of pupae, venom, nests, and colonies. However, although native hornets can provide such benefits, they may also pose risks by stinging people and preying on honeybees. CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights the unique integration of hornets into the ecological, cultural, and economic life of Dehong's communities. By documenting species diversity and rearing practices, this study lays the groundwork for understanding hornets as both elements of traditional heritage and emerging livelihood resources. The findings highlight the importance of integrating local knowledge and modern management practices for the sustainable use of hornets in agroecosystems and rural mountainous communities.