Entropy generation characteristics of radiative magnetic hybrid nanofluid flow through a recessed channel

Thermodynamic irreversibility analysis of fluid flows is of great importance for enhancing the efficiency of advanced hydrothermal and energy systems. The aim of the present study is to numerically investigate entropy generation and Bejan number characteristics in a radiative magnetohydrodynamic alumina-iron oxide-water hybrid nanofluid flowing through a recessed channel. The flow is assumed to be steady, laminar, and incompressible, while the effects of thermal radiation and magnetic field intensity are incorporated using the Rosseland approximation and Ohm’s law, respectively. The governing dimensionless equations are solved using the finite volume method in conjunction with the SIMPLE algorithm under appropriate boundary conditions. The results show that increasing the hybrid nanoparticle concentration leads to higher total entropy generation within the recessed region, whereas stronger thermal radiation and higher Hartmann numbers effectively suppress flow irreversibility. These findings demonstrate that coordinated control of magnetic field strength, thermal radiation, and nanoparticle loading can significantly improve the thermodynamic performance of hydrothermal systems by minimizing entropy generation.