Organ-on-chip (OoC) and nano-biomaterials: next generation of precision oral and dental healthcare research

Periodontitis and dental caries are the most widespread non-communicable oral disorders worldwide, affecting approximately 3.5 billion people worldwide. Nevertheless, existing in vitro models do not accurately emulate the intricate interactions between the oral microbiome, the host immune response, and the fluctuating physicochemical environment. This lack of physiologically realistic models makes it extremely difficult to understand disease mechanisms and to design effective therapies. While organ-on-a-chip technology has revolutionized biomedical research, its application in oral healthcare and dental precision medicine remains fragmented, often lacking the integration of functional materials necessary for precise monitoring and treatment. Herein, this review offers a comprehensive overview of the oral microenvironment, emphasizing the essential biophysical signals of the tooth surface, gingival crevice, and periodontal contact that must be replicated. We rigorously assess current oral-on-a-chip systems, pinpointing their deficiencies in replicating multi-tissue interactions and real-time monitoring. New oral-on-chip and organ-on-chip systems need to be made as a next-generation platform that combines microfluidics with advanced/ functional nanomaterials that bridge this gap. This suggested system incorporates sustainable, biodegradable, and bio- and nanomaterials with integrated nanosensors for real-time monitoring of pH and cytokines, providing a comprehensive solution for modeling oral illnesses. Our primary objective is to establish a framework for creating high-fidelity, sustained in vitro oral models that can expedite the advancement of precision oral healthcare.