High-temperature mechanical response of 2196 Al‒Cu‒Li extrusions controlled by abnormal grain growth within longitudinal weld seams

• The fine-grained matrix specimens exhibit superior precipitate thermal stability and high-temperature performance. • The blocky σ phases within coarse-grain welding areas inhibit the aging response of T 1 phases. • The pre-stretching and low-temperature pre-aging promoted homogeneous precipitation of T 1 and suppressed its coarsening. This study investigated high-temperature mechanical performance of 2196 Al‒Cu‒Li extrusions with different heat treatments. At 100°C, extrusions’ performance is close to that at room temperature. At 200°C, the strength decreases by 10%, and at 300°C, it decreases by more than 30%, which is attributed primarily to the coarsening of T 1 , widening of no precipitation zone (PFZ) at grain boundaries and reduction of dislocation density caused by dynamic recovery (DRV). The prestretching with low-temperature preaging thermomechanical treatment (CPT-5%-IA) promoted the uniform precipitation of T 1 and suppressed its coarsening; therefore, the CPT-5%-IA fine-grained matrix specimen exhibited favorable high-temperature performance, and possessed a yield strength of over 350 MPa at 300°C. However, CPT-5%-IA has limited effectiveness in improving the high-temperature performance of coarse-grained welding areas after abnormal grain growth (AGG). The precipitates in the AGG area exhibit low thermal stability, and the substantial precipitation of σ phases in the AGG area depleted strengthening elements and weakened aging response, thereby resulting in coarsening and low density of T 1 phases, and the precipitation of T 2 and η phases at the grain boundaries. Finally, welding area exhibits brittle intergranular fracture even at high temperatures.

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Publication Details

Journal
Materials & Design
Published
2026-04-25
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2026.116118
Primary Topic
Microstructure and mechanical properties
Type
article
Field-Weighted Citation Impact
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article

High-temperature mechanical response of 2196 Al‒Cu‒Li extrusions controlled by abnormal grain growth within longitudinal weld seams

Pan Gong, Xiao Xu, Wenhui Shi, Yongxiao Wang et al.
Materials & Design
Microstructure and mechanical properties
article

High-temperature mechanical response of 2196 Al‒Cu‒Li extrusions controlled by abnormal grain growth within longitudinal weld seams

Pan Gong, Xiao Xu, Wenhui Shi, Yongxiao Wang, Lanting Lin, Xinyun Wang
article en

Abstract

• The fine-grained matrix specimens exhibit superior precipitate thermal stability and high-temperature performance. • The blocky σ phases within coarse-grain welding areas inhibit the aging response of T 1 phases. • The pre-stretching and low-temperature pre-aging promoted homogeneous precipitation of T 1 and suppressed its coarsening. This study investigated high-temperature mechanical performance of 2196 Al‒Cu‒Li extrusions with different heat treatments. At 100°C, extrusions’ performance is close to that at room temperature. At 200°C, the strength decreases by 10%, and at 300°C, it decreases by more than 30%, which is attributed primarily to the coarsening of T 1 , widening of no precipitation zone (PFZ) at grain boundaries and reduction of dislocation density caused by dynamic recovery (DRV). The prestretching with low-temperature preaging thermomechanical treatment (CPT-5%-IA) promoted the uniform precipitation of T 1 and suppressed its coarsening; therefore, the CPT-5%-IA fine-grained matrix specimen exhibited favorable high-temperature performance, and possessed a yield strength of over 350 MPa at 300°C. However, CPT-5%-IA has limited effectiveness in improving the high-temperature performance of coarse-grained welding areas after abnormal grain growth (AGG). The precipitates in the AGG area exhibit low thermal stability, and the substantial precipitation of σ phases in the AGG area depleted strengthening elements and weakened aging response, thereby resulting in coarsening and low density of T 1 phases, and the precipitation of T 2 and η phases at the grain boundaries. Finally, welding area exhibits brittle intergranular fracture even at high temperatures.

Materials & DesignVol. 266
Shandong University of Technology (CN), Shanghai Dianji University (CN), Huazhong University of Science and Technology (CN)
National Natural Science Foundation of China, Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality, Shanghai Rising-Star Program
Life below water
Openalex Percentile: Top 18%
Microstructure and mechanical properties
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