Design Strategies for Off-Street Parking in High-Density Industrial Areas: A Case Study of Industrial Estates in Indonesia

The rapid expansion of industrial zones has resulted in increased freight traffic and significant parking shortages, especially in high-density industrial estates in Indonesia. This study aims to quantify the parking space requirements for logistics vehicles and propose an optimized off-street parking design to improve traffic flow and safety. A mixed-method approach was employed, combining field surveys, vehicle counts, driver interviews, and spatial mapping during peak hours over three consecutive weekdays. The analysis used Parking Space Units (PSU), and Parking Space Requirements (PSR) to determine that 11,637 m² (plus a 30% reserve) is needed to relocate roadside-parked trucks. The proposed off-street facility can accommodate 203 wing box trucks or single-axle, 113 passenger cars and 350 motorcycles, with essential amenities for drivers. This research contributes a data-driven framework for industrial estate managers and policymakers to design sustainable parking facilities, reducing congestion, fuel consumption, and emissions in densely industrialized regions.