Bioactive Peptides from Bovine Colostrum: Sources, Structures, and Biomedical Applications

Bovine colostrum (BC) is the first milk produced in the first few days after birth, notable for its high concentration of nutrients and immune factors, and clearly distinct from mature milk. Colostrum contains numerous proteins and bioactive peptides derived from them that support the growth, development, and immunological defenses of newborns. These peptides are primarily derived from major colostral proteins such as caseins, immunoglobulins (Igs), lactoferrin (Lf), and α-lactalbumin (α-La) through the action of digestive and enzymatic processes. These peptides possess antimicrobial, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, antihypertensive, antioxidant, antiviral, and antiparasitic properties and are worthy of significant research. Recent studies have highlighted their role in enhancing mucosal immunity, maintaining gut integrity, promoting tissue regeneration, and preventing microbial infections. However, challenges such as low bioavailability, enzymatic degradation, and regulatory limitations restrict their clinical translation. Advances in delivery systems-such as encapsulation and nanoformulations-have shown promise in improving their stability and targeted action. Based on these studies, BC-derived bioactive peptides appear to have promising potential in many diseases and clinical applications in the future. This review shows a comprehensive summary of the sources, molecular characteristics, and biomedical applications of BC-derived peptides, emphasizing their potential as multifunctional agents in health promotion and disease prevention.