Attenuating the pathological cycle of periodontitis: CGL NPs suppress pathological mineralization and modulate the periodontal microenvironment

, adsorb onto mineralized surfaces, and delay DCPD-to-HAP phase maturation, thereby attenuating pathological calcium phosphate deposition. As a downstream outcome, these effects inhibited dental calculus formation. In vitro, CGL NPs showed favorable cytocompatibility, enhanced HGF migration, showed antioxidant activity, and shifted macrophages toward an M2-like phenotype. Together, these findings support the potential of CGL NPs as a local adjunctive formulation in this proof-of-concept study.