Competency-based European training requirements for the specialty of ophthalmology

Purpose: Ophthalmology encompasses comprehensive medical and surgical care for patients with diverse visual system disorders, significantly impacting eye health, vision, and quality of life. European ophthalmologists undergo specialized residency training to acquire necessary competencies, emphasizing theoretical knowledge, clinical and surgical skills, and professional behaviour. The European Union of Medical Specialists (UEMS) and the European Board of Ophthalmology (EBO) advocate for competency-based medical education (CBME), standardized training frameworks, and harmonized assessments across Europe. Methods: In 2023, a survey among European ophthalmologists demonstrated broad consensus on establishing unified training requirements. Subsequently, a Core Working Group developed European Training Requirements (ETRs) for ophthalmology, detailing curricula, subspecialty rotations, and Entrustable Professional Activities (EPAs) across a structured four-year residency. Results: These ETRs, formally approved by UEMS in October 2024, incorporate simulation-based training, workplace-based assessments (WPBA), and innovative evaluation methods such as electronic portfolios. Certification as a European Specialist in Ophthalmology involves passing rigorous summative assessments, including the European Board of Ophthalmology Diploma (EBOD) examination. Training institutions must offer substantial clinical exposure, robust infrastructure, and comprehensive educational resources. Faculty support, continuous quality assurance, regular audits, and clinical governance frameworks are essential. Conclusion: The ETRs also highlight the importance of interprofessional collaboration and encourage subspecialty expansion in emerging areas like ophthalmic oncology and global ophthalmology. Designed as a dynamic, "living document," the ETRs will evolve with scientific and technological advancements, supporting high-quality ophthalmic education and practice while respecting national diversity and sovereignty.