A Modular Spatial–Temporal Approach for Territorial Segmentation and Short-Term Crime Prediction

Crime forecasting in heterogeneous urban contexts remains challenging due to the combined effects of territorial heterogeneity and complex temporal dynamics. However, a large portion of the existing literature tends to address territorial segmentation and predictive modeling separately, or to combine them within unified workflows that may obscure their distinct analytical roles. This study presents a modular spatial–temporal analytical approach that treats territorial segmentation and short-term crime prediction as complementary but methodologically independent components. Unsupervised segmentation captures territorial heterogeneity, while a supervised ensemble model estimates short-term crime occurrence. A chronological expanding-window validation scheme is implemented, reserving the most recent period as a blind test set to prevent temporal leakage. Across municipalities, recall values in 2022 range from 0.36 to 0.77, with corresponding F1-scores ranging from 0.174 to 0.696, while blind-test recall ranges from 0.184 to 0.856, with F1-scores ranging from 0.000 to 0.784, and AUC values up to 0.88, indicating that predictive performance is context-dependent rather than uniform. The proposed approach provides a replicable and context-aware analytical approach for spatially differentiated crime risk estimation under strict forward-looking evaluation.