Environmental citizenship among Spanish pre-service teachers: sustainability awareness and online civic engagement at the University of Granada

Background Spain's green transition places education at the center of sustainability, but evidence on digitally mediated environmental citizenship among Spanish pre-service teachers remains limited. Methods An exploratory cross-sectional study was conducted with 275 pre-service teachers from the Faculty of Education Sciences at the University of Granada using a self-administered questionnaire assessing environmental motivation, environmental citizenship, and online civic engagement. Results Participants showed moderate to high environmental motivation, but low past participation in environmental activities, especially collective and digitally mediated actions. Future intentions were moderate, suggesting willingness to engage more actively under supportive conditions. Discussion The findings underline the need for stronger institutional support and curricular integration of sustainability and digital environmental citizenship in teacher education.