Electronic Structure-Engineered Vanadium Carbide MXene Nanocatalyst Enables Multimodal Reactive Species Scavenging for Stem Cell Regulation

C demonstrates high catalytic stability over multiple cycles and preserves endogenous defense pathways without inducing cytotoxicity. Under oxidative stress, the nanocatalyst protects mesenchymal stem cells by suppressing reactive species-induced cell damage and restoring adhesion, proliferation, and migratory capacity while simultaneously promoting osteogenic differentiation. This study establishes a robust strategy for electronic-structure engineering of vanadium-based MXene biocatalysts and highlights their potential as high-performance platforms for stem cell protection and redox microenvironment regulation.