Genetically Engineered Membrane-Mimetic Liposome-Wrapped Violet Phosphorus Nanoplatform for Targeted Synergistic Ferroptosis/Photothermal/Immunotherapy of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

-mediated cystine uptake; their combination synergistically depletes intracellular glutathione (GSH) and potently induces ferroptosis in HCC cells. The nanoplatform-mediated PTT not only directly ablates tumor cells but also releases damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), promoting dendritic cell maturation, T-cell activation, and tumor-associated macrophage polarization. Meanwhile, PTT-generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) synergize with ferroptosis to amplify oxidative injury and reduce HCC metastatic potential. The GPC3-targeted nanodelivery system enables precise synergistic PTT-ferroptosis therapy with high targeting efficiency, favorable biocompatibility and low systemic toxicity, significantly enhancing HCC therapeutic efficacy and suppressing metastasis. This work provides a potential strategy and experimental basis for precision HCC therapy, with promising clinical translational potential.