Decoding Infertility: the Epigenetic Influence of HDACs on Reproductive Function

Infertility is a multifactorial condition affecting approximately 10-15% of couples worldwide, with both male and female factors contributing equally. Among the emerging determinants of infertility are epigenetic regulators, particularly histone deacetylases, which modify chromatin structure and influence gene expression by removing acetyl groups from histone tails. Their dysregulation alters gene expression profiles critical for reproductive function. HDACs are classified into four major classes (I-IV) on the basis of their structure and function. A thorough analysis of previous research using animal models, clinical settings, and experiments was performed to investigate how HDACs function in gametogenesis, hormone regulation, and embryonic development, among other areas of reproductive physiology. HDACs play a key role in the epigenetic control of fertility in both sexes. Understanding their isoform-specific functions could help create more focused treatments for infertility and increase the success of reproduction. This review elucidates the mechanisms by which HDACs contribute to infertility and explores their potential as therapeutic targets in reproductive medicine.