Wild birds as environmental reservoirs of antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella: a global systematic review and meta-analysis

Background: in wild bird populations hinders our understanding of their epidemiological role as reservoirs and disseminators of resistant strains and impedes accurate evaluation of their potential implication for global public health. Methods: and its AMR patterns in the global wild bird populations. Results: < 0.01), suggesting an escalating environmental selective pressure. Conclusions: isolates in wild birds represents a potential public health concern, even when resistance levels are low to moderate. These findings support the need for integrated One Health surveillance approaches and coordinated global policy interventions to monitor and mitigate the dissemination of resistance across ecosystems.