Multi-objective optimization of free-form texture shape formed by Bezier curves for mechanical seals

This study focuses on enhancing the tribological performance (reducing friction and wear) and sealing efficacy of mechanical seals through the multi-objective optimization of surface textures. A novel texture model is established that features free-form shapes precisely controlled by Bezier curves, thereby enabling significant geometric flexibility. The optimal texture configurations are determined using a dedicated multi-objective optimization methodology. For comparative analysis, a conventional circular texture model with variable radii and positioning is also developed and subjected to the same optimization process. Specimens incorporating the optimized free-form and circular textures were fabricated and rigorously tested under experimental conditions. The experimental findings are in good agreement with the theoretical predictions and fall within acceptable error margins. Critically, the results indicate that, in most cases examined, the optimized free-form textures deliver a superior combination of performance attributes—specifically, higher load-carrying capacity and lower leakage rates—compared with the optimized circular textures.