DoS-resilient simultaneous voltage and frequency control in wind-integrated power system

The increasing penetration of wind energy and the growing vulnerability of communication channels pose major challenges to maintaining reliable power system operation. This paper presents a hybrid Grey Wolf Optimizer–Cuckoo Search (GWO–CS) tuned Model Predictive Controller (MPC) for resilient simultaneous frequency and voltage regulation in a two-area interconnected system dominated by wind, supported by thermal and diesel units. The MPC cost-function weights are optimally tuned using a normalized performance index to achieve coordinated control of the Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR) and Load Frequency Control (LFC) loops. The proposed GWO–CS–MPC demonstrates superior performance over PID, FOPID, and other metaheuristic controllers, achieving faster settling, minimal overshoot, and strong disturbance rejection. Under nonlinearities, parameter uncertainties, and Denial-of-Service (DoS) attacks causing communication delays, the controller maintains stability and dynamic performance. Results confirm that the proposed method ensures robust, cyber-resilient operation of wind-integrated smart grids.