An integrated anti-aging framework targeting NAD+ homeostasis, mitochondrial quality control, and redox stability: Roles of NMN/NR, PQQ, and EGT

-dependent regulator of mitochondrial homeostasis, with its most immediate effects on metabolic activation, while PQQ and EGT may further strengthen mitochondrial remodeling and redox resilience, respectively. While each compound has distinct functional emphases, they are highly mechanistically coupled, collectively forming a closed-loop network regulating mitochondrial number, function, and homeostasis. This review synthesizes preclinical and emerging clinical evidence supporting the standalone or combined use of NMN/NR, PQQ, and EGT across various diseases. Collectively, by conceptualizing mitochondrial aging as a systemic imbalance rather than isolated molecular defects, this paper highlights a three-axis model of NMN/NR, PQQ, and EGT. This framework offers a theoretical foundation for mitochondrial-targeted anti-aging interventions while laying the groundwork for future clinical research, nutritional interventions, and the development of multi-target combination strategies.