The impact of environmental variations (temperature and humidity) on Fusarium graminearum in broiler and pig feed

reaching 1850 µg/kg. DON and FUX were detected across a wider temperature range, whereas ZEN remained relatively stable. OTA, T-2, and HT-2 toxins were infrequently detected. Broiler feed showed similar patterns, with DON and FUX consistently present, fumonisins largely restricted to lower temperatures, and ZEN stable across conditions. Co-occurrence of multiple mycotoxins was most pronounced at lower temperatures, highlighting the risk of chronic multi-toxin exposure. Overall, these findings emphasize the importance of optimized feed storage and multi-mycotoxin monitoring. Feed-specific mitigation strategies, including antifungal additives or plant-derived bioactive compounds, may help reduce mycotoxin accumulation and safeguard livestock health and productivity.