A preliminary regional inventory of deep-seated gravitational slope deformations in the Central Western Carpathians: geological and geomorphological patterns

Abstract Deep-seated gravitational slope deformations (DSGSDs) represent a significant but not fully understood type of slope instability in mountain environments. In the Central Western Carpathians, these phenomena are widespread, yet no consistent regional inventory has been available here until now. This study presents the first comprehensive mapping and analysis of DSGSDs across the region, based on high-resolution LiDAR-derived digital elevation models and detailed geomorphological interpretation supported by geological and structural data. A total of 298 DSGSDs were identified and classified according to their lithostratigraphic, structural, kinematic, and evolutionary characteristics. The analysis reveals spatial clustering, with the highest concentrations found in the crystalline cores and Mesozoic nappe units. These massifs are characterized by high relief, tectonic uplift, complex structural patterns, and lithological contrasts that favour gravitational deformation and various slope failures. This inventory provides a general framework for understanding the geomorphological and geological conditions that influence the occurrence and types of DSGSDs in the region. It also offers a basis for future research on the spatial controls, hazard implications, and evolutionary trajectories of large-scale gravitational slope deformations in the Carpathians.