Stakeholder engagement in hubs for circularity in Europe

This research highlights the critical role of stakeholder engagement in the successful implementation of industrial symbiosis (IS) in the circular economy (CE). Although stakeholder engagement is recognised as a key driver in advancing circular economy models, research in this area is limited. In this paper, we examine four industrial hubs within the context of the IS2H4C project. These hubs are referred to as Hubs for Circularity (H4C) and are located in Spain, the Netherlands, Germany and Turkey. Qualitative interviews with key stakeholders from industry, policy, academia and society were used as the research method. The results show that a stakeholder analysis alone is insufficient for H4Cs. This research proved that active and continuous engagement is necessary, with a regional and local approach. Governance structures at these levels are key to long-term engagement. The results suggest that regulatory frameworks, such as the ReFuelEU Aviation Regulation in the German hub, are the main drivers of stakeholder participation, as well as infrastructure delays. Industrial clusters and companies also play an active role in promoting social acceptance, as do trade unions. However, in order to create a sustainable and inclusive environment involving all categories of stakeholders, including society, academia, industry and politics, it is essential to coordinate local and regional authorities, including universities and research institutes. Key barriers include the high cost of investment and uncertainty surrounding long-term financing, both of which can hinder the scalability of hydrogen technologies and sustainable aviation fuel. All hubs face challenges relating to the complexity and instability of regulations. This undermines stakeholder trust, particularly among investors and private companies. Finally, a shortage of skilled labour and limited public acceptance, particularly with regard to safety and environmental concerns, pose ongoing social and implementation challenges.