Development of a Representative Banjarmasin Drive Cycle Integrating Real-World Traffic for Robust Emission and Fuel-Economy Modeling

Urban driving conditions in developing cities are often inadequately represented by international standard driving cycles, leading to inaccurate estimation of vehicle energy consumption and emissions. This study presents the development and validation of a local driving cycle for the city of Banjarmasin, Indonesia, based on real-world vehicle speed data collected from representative urban routes. The recorded data were preprocessed and smoothed using a biweight kernel filtering approach to reduce high-frequency noise while preserving essential driving dynamics. The resulting Banjarmasin Drive Cycle (BDC) exhibits a mean speed of 25.34 km/h, a maximum speed of 57.77 km/h, a low idle ratio, and relatively high transient characteristics, reflecting typical rolling traffic conditions in the study area. To evaluate its applicability, the BDC was implemented in a series–parallel hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) simulation model developed in MATLAB/Simulink. Simulation results show that the BDC produces fuel consumption and emission levels that differ significantly from those obtained using standard cycles such as NEDC, FTP, and Manhattan, and more closely represent real urban driving behavior. The proposed BDC therefore provides a realistic and reliable input for vehicle performance evaluation, energy management strategy development, and emission analysis under urban traffic conditions in Banjarmasin.