Characterization and evolution of the GH3 gene family in Nymphaea colorata

Introduction: ) genes play important roles in auxin homeostasis, plant development, and stress responses. However, their characterization and evolutionary history in early-diverging angiosperms remain poorly understood. Methods: . Phylogenetic classification, conserved motif and gene structure analyses, promoter cis-element prediction, regulatory network inference, expression profiling, and duplication/selection analyses across 22 plant species were conducted. Results: lineage, whereas Groups 2 and 3 emerged later during plant evolution. Group-specific expansion was observed in several species and was mainly associated with whole-genome/segmental duplication and tandem duplication events. Conclusion: genes in plants.