ΨD =xn+x(D−n): A Single-Parameter Cosmology Unifying Dark Energy, Dark Matter, and the Cyclic Univers

A single-parameter cyclic cosmology governed by ΨD = xn + x(D−n) is presented,where x represents total physical energy and n the continuous geometric dimensionstate (0 < n < 3 in a D = 3 universe). Because x > 0 forces ΨD > 0 always, singularity is mathematically excluded. Two asymptotic geometric barriers at n = 0 andn =3—bothenforced by the residual x0 = 1 ̸ = 0 — cyclically reverse cosmic evolution without requiring additional free parameters. The model explains dark energyas energy released during the n : 2 → 3 dimensional transition; dark matter emergesas the gravitational imprint of incomplete dimensional change. Time is redefinedas displacement-measurement information derived from n(t), not as an independentcoordinate. Entropy grows monotonically throughout cosmic contraction via blackhole mergers, Hawking radiation, and form reduction processes. The contractiondoes not produce a singular Big Crunch; rather, the system reaches ρ = ρc bouncepoint and reverses into a new expansion cycle. The model yields n ≈ 0.014 at 600Myr post-Big Bang, explaining JWST’s observation of anomalously massive earlygalaxies through local crystal bounce seed mechanisms consistent with Loop Quantum Cosmology. Singularity is proven impossible via three independent arguments:AM-GM inequality, potential energy lower bounds, and LQC bounce conditions.Energy conservation and entropy monotonicity are mathematically demonstratedacross expansion and contraction phases. The universe forms a closed, cyclic systemwhere energy is conserved and entropy accumulates monotonically across cycles,with each successive universe inheriting higher entropy from its predecessor.

Authors

Publication Details

Journal
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Published
2026-04-21
DOI
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19705159
Primary Topic
Cosmology and Gravitation Theories
Type
article
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article

ΨD =xn+x(D−n): A Single-Parameter Cosmology Unifying Dark Energy, Dark Matter, and the Cyclic Univers

Hamdi Barut
Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Cosmology and Gravitation Theories
article

ΨD =xn+x(D−n): A Single-Parameter Cosmology Unifying Dark Energy, Dark Matter, and the Cyclic Univers

Hamdi Barut
article en

Abstract

A single-parameter cyclic cosmology governed by ΨD = xn + x(D−n) is presented,where x represents total physical energy and n the continuous geometric dimensionstate (0 < n < 3 in a D = 3 universe). Because x > 0 forces ΨD > 0 always, singularity is mathematically excluded. Two asymptotic geometric barriers at n = 0 andn =3—bothenforced by the residual x0 = 1 ̸ = 0 — cyclically reverse cosmic evolution without requiring additional free parameters. The model explains dark energyas energy released during the n : 2 → 3 dimensional transition; dark matter emergesas the gravitational imprint of incomplete dimensional change. Time is redefinedas displacement-measurement information derived from n(t), not as an independentcoordinate. Entropy grows monotonically throughout cosmic contraction via blackhole mergers, Hawking radiation, and form reduction processes. The contractiondoes not produce a singular Big Crunch; rather, the system reaches ρ = ρc bouncepoint and reverses into a new expansion cycle. The model yields n ≈ 0.014 at 600Myr post-Big Bang, explaining JWST’s observation of anomalously massive earlygalaxies through local crystal bounce seed mechanisms consistent with Loop Quantum Cosmology. Singularity is proven impossible via three independent arguments:AM-GM inequality, potential energy lower bounds, and LQC bounce conditions.Energy conservation and entropy monotonicity are mathematically demonstratedacross expansion and contraction phases. The universe forms a closed, cyclic systemwhere energy is conserved and entropy accumulates monotonically across cycles,with each successive universe inheriting higher entropy from its predecessor.

Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Openalex Percentile: Top 6%
Cosmology and Gravitation Theories
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