Super-resolution localization and quantification of SO ₂ emissions over India using TROPOMI observations

Abstract. India has high sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions, primarily due to its extensive coal-fired power sector. SO2 column observations from Sentinel-5P Tropospheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) enables observation-based emission estimates using inversion techniques. Among inversion methods, the flux-divergence method is particularly sensitive to point source emissions and well-suited for estimating SO2 emissions in India. However, when applied to satellite observations, this method tends to spatially spread calculated emissions into neighboring grid cells around the source. This spreading effect weakens the emission signal at the exact source location, making precise quantification of emissions more difficult. In this paper, we design a sharpening algorithm to reverse the spreading and sharpen the emission signals while conserving total mass of the emissions. We apply the algorithm on gridded SO2 emissions at a high spatial resolution of 0.025° × 0.025° (≈ 2.5 km × 2.5 km) derived from TROPOMI observations that have a typical mean footprint size of 6.0 km × 6.0 km. After sharpening, the effective spatial resolution of the emissions matches the grid cell resolution. Emissions from point sources increase at their exact locations, while emissions in neighboring grid cells decrease. In the resulting SO2 emission inventory, about 80 % of coal-fired power plants with capacities above 100 MW are detected at their correct location, while the remaining 20 % fall below the detection threshold. The detected power plants account for 99 % of India's total coal-based power generation. We also identify twenty two previously unreported SO2 point sources, including coal-based thermal power plants, cement factories, crude oil production facilities, chemical fertilizers factory, and copper, steel, and aluminum industries. This sharpening algorithm improves emission detection and can also be extended to other pollutants emitted by point sources to enhance the accuracy of emission inventories.