Hydrogen Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles for Sustainable Mobility: A State-of-the-Art Review

The hydrogen fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs) are becoming a worldwide recognized eco-friendly choice which produces no tailpipe emissions while providing better energy efficiency than traditional internal combustion engine vehicles. The review delivers an in-depth evaluation of FCEVs through their assessment which focuses on their transportation and power generation functions. The research investigates hydrogen production methods together with storage and distribution systems and vehicle integration practices and performance enhancement techniques. The paper highlights major technical challenges such as high production costs, limited refueling infrastructure, storage inefficiencies, and fuel cell durability. The research uses battery electric and hybrid vehicle comparisons to assess FCEV market competitiveness. The life-cycle environmental impact assessment proves that using clean hydrogen sources and sustainable end-of-life strategies is essential for achieving FCEV operational capabilities. The review examines new electrochemistry materials science and hybridization solutions which have become essential methods for creating better efficiency and durability while decreasing costs. The study shows how policy regulations and collaborative programs fast-track hydrogen adoption through their impact on future hydrogen grid integration and renewable hydrogen production and circular economy methods. The review shows how experts from different fields reached their achievements while still facing challenges to improve FCEVs as fundamental components of environmentally friendly transportation systems and clean energy networks.