Molecular mechanisms underlying T cell subset imbalance and precision therapeutic targets in primary biliary cholangitis

T-cell-directed approaches, γδ T-cell modulation, and combination immunotherapy, most of which remain preclinical or indirectly supported in PBC. In conclusion, we present perspectives of future directions for precision immunotherapy in PBC with a focus on major gaps in knowledge such as those that exist between animal models and human disease, the impact of tissue-resident memory T cells in the longer term, and how single-cell multi-omics and spatial omics can accelerate mechanistic insights and translate these more rapidly into the clinic.