Integrative analysis of the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis reveals molecular mechanisms underlying sperm motility differences in Landes ganders

) were significantly upregulated in the HSM group. Transcriptomic profiling identified 1,189, 2,126, and 1,538 DEGs in the hypothalamus, pituitary, and testis, respectively. These DEGs were significantly enriched in pathways related to GnRH signaling, steroid hormone biosynthesis, neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, and Wnt signaling. Differences in sperm motility among Landes ganders are closely associated with antioxidant status, endocrine regulation, testicular development, and coordinated gene expression along the HPT axis. These findings provide mechanistic insights into spermatogenesis and offer a theoretical basis for improving reproductive performance in geese.