Comparative Thermodynamic and Preliminary Performance Assessment of N2O, Gaseous O2, and LOX for a 1 kN Hybrid Rocket Engine

Hybrid rocket engines offer a compromise between safety, controllability, and performance, making them attractive for small-scale propulsion systems. However, oxidizer selection remains a critical early-stage design decision that cannot be determined solely from ideal thermodynamic metrics. This study presents a comparative analysis of three oxidizers—nitrous oxide (N2O), gaseous oxygen (GOX), and liquid oxygen (LOX)—for a 1 kN-class hybrid rocket engine using HDPE fuel under identical operating conditions. Equilibrium combustion performance was first evaluated using NASA Chemical Equilibrium with Applications (CEA) to determine optimal oxidizer-to-fuel ratios and theoretical specific impulse. These results were subsequently refined using Rocket Propulsion Analysis (RPA) to incorporate finite combustion chamber geometry and non-ideal nozzle expansion effects. The equilibrium analysis predicts maximum specific impulses of approximately 260 s for N2O/HDPE and nearly 300 s for oxygen-based systems. However, finite-geometry modelling indicates that practical performance is reduced by approximately 5–8%, yielding delivered specific impulses of about 275 s for GOX and 272 s for LOX. The results demonstrate that although oxygen (GOX and LOX) provides higher thermodynamic performance, the practical advantage of LOX over GOX becomes marginal at the kilonewton scale. Consequently, oxidizer selection for small hybrid engines should be treated as a system-level trade-off involving performance, infrastructure complexity, and operational safety.