Bio‐Propelled Stomatocyte Nanomotors with Glutathione‐Responsiveness for Osteoarthritis Treatment
gradient that propelled the nanomotors and enabled chemotactic movement for targeted cargo delivery. Meanwhile, after cellular uptake elevated GSH levels cleaved the disulfide linkers, inducing the collapse of the stomatocyte structure and the rapid release of MTX. The motility and targeted release behavior of the nanomotors were systematically evaluated both in vitro and in vivo. Experimental results demonstrated that these nanomotors effectively alleviated oxidative stress, inflammation, and cartilage degradation, while exhibiting negligible adverse effects. Overall, this study presents a promising GSH-responsive, nanomotor-based strategy for enhanced osteoarthritis therapy.
Authors
- Jan C. M. van Hest (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7973-2404)
- Heiner Friedrich (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4582-0064)
- Maarten Bransen (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4002-5291)
- Mengsi Zhan (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7923-345X)
- Xianwen Lou (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5403-3647)
- Jingxin Shao (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0007-8888-9172)
- H. Wu
- Nina Wang
- Xiangyang Shi
- Junjie Liu
- Jianhong Wang
- Ioanna Balmpouzi
- Zhiqiang Wang
Institutions
- Donghua University (CN)
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials (DE)
- Eindhoven University of Technology (NL)
Publication Details
- Journal
- Angewandte Chemie International Edition
- Published
- 2026-04-22
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.3640627
- Primary Topic
- Micro and Nano Robotics
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 0.00
Funders
- European Commission
- National Natural Science Foundation of China
- Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality