High altitude–mediated immune remodeling accelerates aging

High altitude-associated pathophysiological processes may potentially accelerate aging trajectory, while evidence remains limited. We present immune landscape characterization in human populations residing at 3656-meter (Lhasa) and 5070-meter (Tuiwacun) elevations on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, complemented by multiorgan single-cell RNA sequencing and spatially enhanced resolution omics sequencing (Stereo-seq) of mice under simulated 5000-meter hypoxic conditions. Comparative analysis revealed significantly elevated neutrophil proportions in high-altitude population (HAP) cohorts relative to low-altitude population cohorts. Notably, aging-associated immune cells (AICs) including exhausted T cells, age-associated B cells, and high-aging-score immune cells showed marked enrichment in HAP cohorts, a pattern conserved in mouse models. Stereo-seq analyses further identified coordinated niche interactions between AICs and aging-related intestinal epithelial cells, suggesting accelerated gut aging trajectories. Our work establishes the multiomics framework for high-altitude immune remodeling while providing mechanistic insights into high altitude-associated pathophysiological processes.