Electrodeless reverse electrodialysis

This paper reviews existing applications of both electrodeless reverse electrodialysis (RED) generators and electrodialysis (ED) desalinators and introduces several novel conceptual designs. Reported applications include desalination through coupled ED–RED systems, transdermal drug delivery, and power supply for iontronic devices. Newly proposed concepts presented here for the first time include an acid/base generator, a preconcentration unit combining RED with assisted RED (ARED), and an alternating current RED generator. All these existing and proposed systems operate without electrodes and thus without faradaic reactions.