Clinical readiness of microwave imaging for breast cancer: a state-of-the-art review of current evidence and challenges

Microwave breast imaging (MBI) is gaining attention as a promising, non-invasive modality for breast imaging, leveraging safe, low-power radiofrequency signals to eliminate ionizing radiation and compression related discomfort associated with mammography. Recent advancements in prototype systems have demonstrated potential in imaging breast tissues and detecting lesions, including cancer. Despite these encouraging results, clinical adoption of MBI faces significant challenges. This review examines recent advancements in MBI prototype developments, analyses the current evidence regarding its efficacy and diagnostic accuracy, and discusses challenges that impede its clinical adoption, including technological, regulatory, and economic barriers. Our synthesis aims to provide insights into the potential of MBI in transforming breast imaging practices and to outline pathways for further research and development toward clinical integration.