Combined exposure to dicamba and 2,4-D induces cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in human intestinal cells (Caco-2)
values were 699.7 mg/L for 2,4-D and 1484 mg/L for dicamba, indicating higher toxicity of 2,4-D. Both herbicides increased oxidative stress and cell death, with more pronounced effects at longer exposure. Notably, combined exposure induced stronger biological alterations compared to the isolated forms, including increased cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, reduced NAG activity, and elevated apoptosis. These findings demonstrate that the dicamba and 2,4-D mixture exerts greater toxicological effects on intestinal epithelial cells than isolated compounds, highlighting the importance of evaluating realistic pesticide mixtures in human health risk assessment.
Authors
- Izonete Cristina Guiloski (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3104-3946)
- Shayane da Silva Milhorini (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4428-7897)
- Rafael Shinji Akiyama Kitamura (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1925-3003)
- Carolina Silva Schiebel (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7136-2071)
- Marta Margarete Cestari (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6064-966X)
- Nathalia Kirsten (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0004-2394-575X)
- Daniele Maria-Ferreira
- Welton Gideonny Motta
- Gustavo Martello Wiener
Institutions
- Instituto de Tecnologia do Paraná (BR)
- Centro Universitário Fundação Assis Gurgacz (BR)
- Universidade Federal do Paraná (BR)
Publication Details
- Journal
- Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology
- Published
- 2026-04-22
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2026.105028
- Primary Topic
- Pesticide Exposure and Toxicity
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 0.00
Funders
- Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
- Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
- Universidade Federal do Paraná