Nano-bionic bacteria armed adoptive macrophage therapy against bladder cancer

T cells without expanding regulatory T cells (Tregs), thereby shifting the milieu toward a potent immunostimulatory state. The immunostimulatory effect is molecularly defined by the cGAS/STING/TBK1/IFN-β signaling axis, and Mac@ABMn demonstrates significant synergistic efficacy when combined with standard immunotherapies like BCG or anti-PD-L1 checkpoint blockade, leading to superior tumor control. Collectively, this study developed a novel therapy regiment, featuring macrophages engineered with bacterial membrane-coated nanoparticles are activated via the STING pathway to sustain an anti-tumor M1 phenotype while simultaneously alleviating hypoxia and scavenging immunosuppressive adenosine.