Efficacy of Mycobacterium vaccae and vitamin D combination therapy in initial smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis: a prospective study

Purpose: ) and vitamin D in patients with initial smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) and to explore their effects on immune responses. Methods: and vitamin D. Cytokine levels [interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-17, IL-10], T cell subset ratios [Th1/Th2, Th17/regulatory T cells (Treg)], and clinical outcomes were prospectively assessed. Results: < 0.05). Conclusion: and vitamin D enhances immune function and improves clinical outcomes in initial smear-negative PTB, suggesting a synergistic immunotherapeutic effect.