Multimodal Hydrogel Bioelectronics for Closed‐Loop Diagnosis and Treatment of Cardiac Diseases

ABSTRACT The development of precise in situ cardiac monitoring and effective therapeutic management systems is crucial for advancing cardiovascular pathophysiology understanding and improving diagnostic‐therapeutic integration. Current bioelectronic devices face fundamental limitations in establishing compliant tissue interfaces, hindering accurate spatiotemporal mapping of myocardial strain/electrophysiology and manipulation of cardiac electromechanical activity. To address this, we engineered a multimodal hydrogel multielectrode array (MHMEA) using integrated multimaterial 3D printing, featuring: tissue‐matching mechanical compliance (Young's modulus of 430 kPa) enabled by the hydrogel construction; instant tough bioadhesion (interfacial toughness of 100 J m − 2 ) through dynamic covalent crosslinking; and triple‐functional conductive hydrogel electrodes for concurrent strain sensing, electrophysiological mapping, and electrical stimulation. This synergistic design achieves stable interfacial integration with dynamically beating myocardium, enabling in situ synchronous high‐resolution mapping of myocardial strain and epicardial electrophysiology for precise pathological diagnosis (e.g., myocardial infarction). Furthermore, the platform delivers targeted electrical stimulation therapy, establishing a closed‐loop diagnostic‐therapeutic system for personalized cardiac diseaseical management through electromechanical synchronization.