From clinic to home monitoring: Diagnostic strategies and evidence landscape of white-coat uncontrolled hypertension

White-coat Uncontrolled Hypertension (WUH) is characterized by elevated office blood pressure but normal out-of-office levels, and it has shifted from a phenomenological concept to a precision diagnosis model centered on ambulatory and home monitoring. This study provides a comprehensive review of the evolution of definitions, epidemiology, pathophysiology, and risk evidence, and compares the diagnostic value of Office Blood Pressure Monitoring (OBPM), Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring (ABPM), and Home Blood Pressure Monitoring (HBPM). Within this analytical framework, the investigation examines cardiovascular and metabolic risks, interventions in special populations, and ongoing controversies in treatment. These findings are significant for integrating both Chinese and international guidelines with emerging digital monitoring trends. The study further proposes an integrated "home-clinic-cloud platform" model to support individualized hypertension management. This framework offers a more nuanced understanding of evolving paradigms in hypertension diagnosis and treatment. Based on current guideline-supported evidence, we emphasize ABPM/HBPM-based confirmation, risk stratification, and long-term surveillance to avoid misclassification and overtreatment. Emerging directions-including psycho-physiological modeling, multi-scenario monitoring, and digital-twin-enabled simulation-should be regarded as conceptual or research-oriented frameworks that require prospective validation and outcome data before clinical implementation.