Unveiling spring behaviour through copula-based inter-spring connectivity in the Central Himalaya

≈ 0.58-0.59, RMSE ≈ 0.14 lpm) over complex multi-node D-vines, confirming that pairwise correlation strength and physical flow topology are critical determinants. A similar flow variability index and strong inter-spring correlations indicate that groundwater-spring linkages are reliably represented by symmetric dependence structures. This study demonstrates that copula-based dependence modeling offers powerful, data-efficient approaches for discharge prediction in monitoring-limited Himalayan springsheds, where limited hydrological monitoring constrains sustainable water resource management.