Numerical Modeling of Load-Driven Changes in Squat Technique Using a Moment-Limited Joint Framework

The squat is a fundamental multi-joint movement widely studied in strength training and biomechanics. While numerous experimental and computational studies have examined squat kinematics and joint loading, the mechanisms governing how squat technique adapts to increasing external load remain insufficiently understood. In particular, inverse-dynamics-based approaches often overlook explicit constraints imposed by limited joint moment capacity. This study presents a computational framework for predicting load-dependent adaptations of squat posture. The human body was represented as a multi-segment rigid-body system, with joints modeled as nonlinear rotational elements with bounded moment capacity. A reference squat trajectory was first generated kinematically, and a constrained optimization procedure was then applied at each motion frame to determine a mechanically admissible posture under increasing barbell load. The results show that higher loads lead to systematic posture adaptations, including increased torso inclination and redistribution of rotational demand from the knee toward the hip joint. For the highest load, peak torso pitch increased from 30° to over 40°, while joint utilization exceeded unity, indicating the onset of yielding. These findings identify joint moment capacity as a key constraint governing squat technique and demonstrate the potential of the proposed framework for predictive biomechanical analysis.