A Critical Review on Green Conversion Techniques of Biomass Waste to Value‐Added Bioproducts: Advances, Challenges, and Future Technological Strategies

ABSTRACT Given the depletion of fossil fuels and global concerns about environmental protection, lignocellulosic biomass is an excellent alternative candidate due to its unique combination of characteristics: easy supply, low cost, environmental friendliness, and sustainability. The primary components of this biomass are cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, which can be processed to produce a variety of higher‐value products, such as biofuels, bioplastics, and biodegradable polymers. The production of bio‐based chemicals and polymers from lignocellulosic raw materials plays a vital role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions, promoting the circular economy, and reducing the use of non‐renewable resources. Various pre‐treatment and processing techniques used to separate valuable chemicals from lignocellulosic biomass, including fermentation and enzymatic hydrolysis, were described. In addition, the widespread use of lignocellulosic biomass for bio‐based chemicals and polymers is still hindered by various financial and technological issues. This study focused on the advances in cost‐effective fractionation techniques, which were crucial for ensuring the sustainability and industrial applicability of biomass.