Challenges to equitable access to urogenital care in urban and rural Kazakhstan: a mixed-methods study

Background: Addressing urban-rural inequalities is essential for universal health coverage. This study examined disparities in access to genitourinary (GU) care in Kazakhstan. Methods: = 11) were thematically analyzed. Results: Sex distribution was similar. Urban residents had higher education, while rural residents reported better financial status. Most sought initial care at PHC, though self-treatment was common. Rural residents relied more on PHC and had longer waiting times; urban residents more often used private services. Workforce shortages and limited diagnostic capacity were key barriers, especially in rural areas. Conclusion: Urban-rural disparities in GU care hinder progress toward universal health coverage in Kazakhstan. Strengthening rural workforce and diagnostics is needed.