Sorptive-bar/disks for microextraction and passive sampling of anti-inflammatory drugs and personal care products from environmental waters. A review

The use of microextraction techniques improves the performance of analytical determinations by integrating operations such as sample collection, analyte extraction, enrichment, and clean-up. Microextraction techniques have the advantages of simplicity, versatility and reduced solvent use and they follow the principles of green analytical chemistry, which also include miniaturization and the reduction of energy demand, reagents, and materials. We present an overview of the latest developments in micro-extraction techniques based on the use of sorptive bars, including silicone rods and tubes, stir-bar sorptive extraction, bar adsorptive micro-extraction and multi-sphere adsorptive microextraction, and rotating-disk sorptive extraction. With most of these techniques it is possible to reuse the sorbent several times, so contributing to a reduction in the ecological impact. This review analyses the latest microextraction techniques employed for sample preparation, covering various device types while highlighting their advantages and limitations in the monitoring of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and triclosan. Improved extraction efficiency can be achieved through the use of novel sorbent materials, including molecularly imprinted polymers, metal-organic frameworks, covalent organic frameworks, carbon-based materials, and biosorbents. Moreover, passive sampling is one of the most effective techniques for monitoring emerging contaminants in environmental waters and the combination of sampling and extraction, with a particular focus on sorptive bar/disk-based techniques, is critically examined. • The fundamentals of sorptive/disk microextraction techniques. • The advantages and benefits of their use for a greener analytical procedure. • The latest developments and the use of sorptive bar/disks in analytical chemistry. • Novel materials as efficient sorbents in sorptive extraction techniques for water samples. • Passive sampling for monitoring emerging contaminants.