Review no. 3: handling of longitudinal creatinine data to define acute kidney injury
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is characterized by a sudden decline in kidney function. The Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) clinical practice guidelines define AKI based on an increase in serum creatinine (SCr) levels as well as a decrease in urine volume. For clinical researchers of AKI, the ability to handle longitudinal SCr data and flag AKI status and stage in individual patients is a fundamental skill. This article provides a practical guide for identifying AKI episodes from longitudinal SCr data using R programming. The methods described in this article are based on a hands-on seminar presented at the 68th Annual Meeting of the Japanese Society of Nephrology in 2025.
Authors
- Yuka Sugawara (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3022-1096)
- Tadashi Sofue (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1136-8532)
- Naoki Nakagawa (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5398-3667)
- Masao Iwagami (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7079-0640)
- Hajime Nagasu
- Megumi Oshima
- Takashige Kuwabara
- Yoshihisa Miyamoto
Institutions
- Kanazawa University (JP)
- University of Tsukuba (JP)
- Asahikawa Medical University (JP)
- Kawasaki Medical School (JP)
- Kagawa University (JP)
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JP)
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (GB)
- The Japanese Society of Gastroenterological Surgery (JP)
- Diagnostics for the Real World (United States) (US)
- The University of Tokyo (JP)
- Kumamoto University (JP)
Publication Details
- Journal
- Clinical and Experimental Nephrology
- Published
- 2026-04-22
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1007/s10157-026-02856-3
- Primary Topic
- Acute Kidney Injury Research
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 0.00
Funders
- Kanazawa University
- Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare
- University of Tokyo
- Jikei University School of Medicine