Supplementation of bee pollen in high concentrate diets enhances the health status and production performance of goats

< 0.05). In conclusion, 0.5% BP supplementation in HCD improves goat production performance by optimizing rumen fermentation and microbial community, enhancing immunity and antioxidant capacity, and regulating metabolic function, providing a theoretical basis for BP application in ruminant production under high-concentrate feeding conditions.