Integrating effective concentration modeling with single-cell ICP-MS to address the influence of exposure conditions when evaluating mercury-selenium interaction in human neuroblastoma cell line

. Overall, these findings suggest that selenium mitigates Hg-induced cytotoxicity primarily by reducing intracellular Hg accumulation, highlighting its modulatory role at the single-cell level. By integrating effective concentration modeling with single-cell metal quantification, this work highlights the importance of considering the bioavailable fraction of trace elements in toxicity assessments.