Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Zygophyllum coccineum and Heliotropium indicum L.: A Comprehensive Review of Experimental Evidence

Inflammation is a complex biological response that plays a crucial role in host defense and tissue repair; however, persistent or uncontrolled inflammation contributes to the development of chronic diseases such as arthritis, cardiovascular disorders, metabolic syndrome, and cancer. Conventional anti-inflammatory drugs, including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and corticosteroids, are widely prescribed but are associated with adverse effects such as gastrointestinal ulceration, renal toxicity, and cardiovascular risks during long-term use. These limitations have driven increasing interest in medicinal plants as safer alternatives for inflammation management. Zygophyllum coccineum and Heliotropium indicum L. are two medicinal plants traditionally used in different ethnomedical systems for treating inflammatory and pain-related conditions. Experimental studies have demonstrated that extracts of these plants exhibit significant anti-inflammatory activity in both acute and chronic inflammation models, particularly carrageenan-induced paw edema and cotton pellet-induced granuloma models in rodents. The pharmacological effects are largely attributed to the presence of bioactive phytoconstituents such as flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, triterpenoids, and glycosides, which modulate inflammatory mediators, oxidative stress, and cytokine signaling pathways. This review critically compiles and analyzes available literature on the anti-inflammatory activity of Zygophyllum coccineum and Heliotropium indicum, focusing on experimental models, mechanisms of action, comparative efficacy, and therapeutic relevance. The review also highlights research gaps and future perspectives for the development of plant-based anti-inflammatory agents.