Biophilic and spatial features in virtual offices on emotion and cognition

People spend nearly 90% of their time indoors, yet the cognitive and emotional effects of office environments remain poorly understood. This study explored the neural impacts of biophilic and spatial features in immersive virtual office settings using electroencephalography (EEG). Ten participants viewed ten 360° office scenarios categorised as either positively (VS1) or negatively (VS2) perceived based on natural light, window-to-wall ratio, greenery, material and spatial openness. It was hypothesised that (1) biophilic features would increase alpha and theta activity in occipital and parietal regions, reflecting attentional recovery and emotional regulation; and (2) open, visually complex layouts would enhance beta and theta activity in frontal and parietal regions, indicating attentional engagement. Results supported both hypotheses. Compared with VS2, VS1 environments elicited significantly higher alpha power at occipital (O1) and frontal (F8) sites, theta power at parietal (P4) and frontal regions and beta activity in temporal regions (T4) ( p < 0.05). These neural responses are associated with greater comfort, visual processing and cognitive engagement. By identifying neurophysiological markers of comfort and engagement, this study offers evidence-based guidance for designing occupant-centric offices that promote well-being and productivity. Future research should increase participant diversity, examine longer exposures and incorporate multi-modal physiological data.