The effect of low-carbohydrate diets on serum concentration of soluble adhesion molecules: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

= 0.0%). However, no significant effect on other adhesion molecules (ICAM, VCAM, or P-selectin) was found in the analyses. LCDs may reduce serum E-selectin, while no significant effects were observed for other adhesion molecules. Given limited studies, dietary heterogeneity, and sensitivity analyses, findings should be interpreted cautiously. Further well-designed trials with clearly defined macronutrient composition are required to confirm associations.