Early Symptoms of Language Disorders in Bilingual Parkinson's Disease Patients: Microstructural and Social-Pragmatic Narrative Elements

PURPOSE: This study examined how bilingualism influences early linguistic and pragmatic alterations in idiopathic Parkinson's disease (IPD), integrating group-based and factorial analyses to identify early communicative markers. METHOD: 0] and intensity ranges) included for prosodic evaluation. RESULTS: < .05), demonstrating that bilingualism amplified morphosyntactic instability but mitigated prosodic flattening. CONCLUSIONS: < .05) emerged as an early and sensitive indicator of pragmatic deterioration in bilingual Parkinson's disease, linking executive-control demands with sociopragmatic incompleteness. Discourse-level analyses combining group-based and factorial approaches thus provide a refined framework for identifying subclinical linguistic-pragmatic changes beyond conventional motor or lexical measures. SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL: https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.31999344.