A multidimensional narrative review of the association between air pollution and late-life depression risk

, and indoor solid fuel combustion demonstrating particularly pronounced associations. Potential synergistic effects between indoor and outdoor sources are also suggested. In conclusion, air pollution constitutes a significant and modifiable environmental determinant of late-life depression. Future efforts should integrate multidimensional exposure assessments into urban planning and public health policy, implementing targeted interventions for vulnerable populations to simultaneously improve environmental quality and mental health in later life.